By: Amil Imani with James H. Hyde

In our previous article, “Exonerating President Obama,” we noted that the only Supreme
Court precedent for the meaning of the term “natural born Citizen” in Article II, Section 1
of the U.S. Constitution appears to be the Judge Harlan dissent in the United States v.
Wong Kim Ark case. In collaboration with a constitutional attorney, we have examined
the subject matter further.

We believe that to understand the complexity of this issue it will be essential to have an
understanding of the place that the concepts of “Natural Law” and the book titled Law of
Nations had obtained in the run up to the War of Independence with Great Britain. These
concepts of natural law were commonly used throughout the colonies to explain, defend
and justify the colonists’ contentions in our dispute with Great Britain.

Our investigation leaves no doubt that the Founding Fathers of our nation clearly understood the meaning
of the term “natural born Citizen” and its relation to Natural Law and Law of Nations.
When you have finished studying our research you will also understand that these terms
were used in the Declaration of Independence as well as in our Constitution and in the
constitutions of a large number of states written at the same time as the Constitutional
Convention was in session.

This background understanding will clarify why the delegates to the 1787 Constitutional
Convention elected to include “natural born Citizen” in the eligibility requirements for
the Office of the President of our nation and what it truly means.

In this article we will prove beyond all doubt that Barack Hussein Obama is not a natural
born Citizen and is thus ineligible to be President of the United States.

Citations following the textual part of this article are not simply to provide you the
references that support our assertions. They also provide you citations to reading material
that will help you understand the 1770 period in our History. To understand our
reasoning, it is important that the reader understands the Colonial people, and especially
the Founders with their educational backgrounds, their political fears and the nation’s
interrelationship with other nations at the time leading up to the War of Independence. In
this short article we could not provide all those dimensions, but we hope the reader will
study the references to fully understand the time period during which these things took
place. Unfortunately there are citations to books which are not available to download
online, so to get the whole picture, the reader will need to find a library to borrow the
needed materials.

1. In the time frame of 1740—1790, “Natural Law” had grown from the 17th century
studies of the early enlightenment philosophers (Grotius, Pufendorf, Rousseau, Locke, de
Wolf) into a reason-based concept that was based on the fact that all humans have
inherent animal qualities that contribute to laws worldwide that are essentially the same.

2. Emer de Vattel, a Swiss scholar, published a now world famous work titled Law of
Nations in French in 1758. The Vattel work built upon the earlier philosophy of Natural
Law, especially that of de Wolf. But what made Vattel’s work so famous was his
adoption of a more modern and easier-to-understand format, which was written like a
scientific thesis. It started out with definitions that were worked into the initial textual
material in a manner very different from the heavy, incomprehensible writing style of the
earlier philosophers. His work is written like a modern do-it-yourself project where he
captured the entire history and essence of Natural Law but mixed it into a means for building
a new nation based on a new type of constitution or a way of establishing an acceptable
set of rules for running a nation in a common sense manner based on the experience of
political science as it developed over the centuries.

3. The delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention understood what they were voting
on when they voted unanimously on Sept. 7, 1787 to add a clause to Article 2, Section 1,
Paragraph 5 of the Presidential Eligibility Requirements. They had added an eligibility
clause for anyone seeking the Office of the President that requires that they be a “natural
born Citizen,” which means that both of his parents had to be citizens of the U.S. on the
date of his birth.

4. In the period 1750-1770, the French language had become of growing interest in the
world of American politics and had been of major importance to the academic world,
especially for American attorneys and in particular how it relates to Natural Law in the
time period 1730 and thereafter.

5. The great majority of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 was
attorneys and at that time attorneys were primarily men from the upper classes who were
typically very well educated at the few colleges and universities of merit in the U.S. For
the most part the educational curricula in those schools followed the Classical Education
model of Great Britain.

6. (a) After 1750, many leaders in the U.S. had become aware that the Classical
Educational Model was not adequate for the times. This resulted in movements to
modernize the curricula of American colleges and universities, in particular to introduce a
new emphasis on the teaching of Law in the colleges and universities as opposed to the
traditional apprenticeship programs being employed to qualify attorneys.

Specifically, for many years prior to 1789, Thomas Jefferson, the then Governor of Virginia, had tried to
pass a law in Virginia that would have placed William and Mary, an Anglican facility, in
charge of the Virginia State University system and to modernize the curriculum. While
his efforts were unsuccessful because of opposition from other church groups, Jefferson
was instrumental in abolishing the Greek and Hebrew Professorships at William and
Mary and initiating courses in Natural Law and Political Science; likewise, the College of
Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) had initiated similar changes in the time
period 1760-1780 which focused more specifically on legal areas, including Natural Law,
to better prepare students to become attorneys.

In the time period 1760-1780, the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) was only getting started with the new curriculum and was
extremely focused on being a modern, more flexible educational facility compared to
universities utilizing the Classical Model. Harvard and Yale were less rapid in
modernizing in the time period 1760-1780, except that each had added the study of the
French Language to their curricula.

6. (b) John Jay, subsequently the first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, had
written a letter on July 25, 1787, to George Washington, who was then the President of
the Constitutional Convention, which was in session. In this letter, John Jay expressed a
fear for the nation if the office of the President should fall into the hands of a person with
an allegiance to a foreign power. To reduce the chance that this could occur, Mr. Jay
recommended including the provision in the President’s Eligibility Requirements that the
President must be a “natural born Citizen” in addition to the other age eligibility and term
of residency requirements that would suffice to adequately protect the nation from a
person with a foreign allegiance from ever becoming President.

6. (c) From the floor of the Constitutional Convention on Sept. 4, 1787, a delegate
voiced an objection to the then proposed language for Article 2, the Presidential
Eligibility Requirements, and Article 2 was sent back to the committee for further
consideration. On Sept. 7 the Presidential Eligibility Requirements issue of Article 2 was
again brought to the floor, was put to a vote and unanimously approved. It included
the “Natural Born Citizen” requirement initially proposed by John Jay.

7. As noted above, the vast majority of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention
were attorneys. They had attended the very best colleges and universities in the U.S.,
which had modernized their curricula and that some of the delegate attorneys had
attended British universities, which, in the time period-1770, also included the concepts
of Natural Law in their Philosophy curricula.

8. Three copies of the 1775 version of the book Law of Nations, written in French by
Emer de Vattel in 1758, had been sent to Ben Franklin by its publisher. Mr. Franklin had
sent one copy to the Library Company of Philadelphia (LCP). In that same year, Mr.
Franklin had sent a letter to the publisher informing him that he had been often loaning
his copy to other congressman and they were in admiration of Vattel. The LCP was
located on the 2nd floor of the Constitutional Convention building in 1787, and
arrangements had been completed to provide library membership rights in the LCP on the
second floor to all the Constitutional Convention delegates. The 1775 French version of
Law of Nations was in the LCP catalog (titled in French: Les Droit des gens), as well as
the Law of Nations, 1760 English version. The catalog was also an inventory of the
books on the shelf in 1789 which encompass the dates of the 1787 Constitutional
Convention.

9. (a) We contend that it is inconceivable that 53 of the most able and highly educated
gentleman in the United States, including 33 attorneys educated at the finest universities,
as a group would not understand the meaning of the term, “natural born Citizen” before
they would have cast a unanimous vote to include the term in the
President’s Eligibility Requirements. Further it is our contention that the delegates
understood that the term “natural born Citizen” had a connection to Natural Law at the
time the convention delegates voted unanimously to include the “natural born Citizen”
language in Article 2.

9. (b) The preamble of the Declaration of Independence, issued by the majority of the
Congressmen of this nation on July 4, 1776, made reference to Natural Law and was
based on the Natural Law concepts as set forth by Vattel, Wolf and Pufendorf.

Thomas Jefferson, who authored the Declaration of Independence, had been previously
responsible for writing the then new Constitution for the State of Virginia which was also
based on the Natural Law principles of those same philosophers. In addition, shortly after
the 1787 Constitutional Convention completed its work, Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison, then President of the College of William and Mary, in 1789 significantly
changed that college’s Educational Model by eliminating the Greek and Hebrew
requirements and created a new regime involving Natural Law and Political Science as
the new curricula elements. James Madison had been the instructor for these courses prior
to the 1789 educational regime change.

Thus, the concepts of Natural Law, set out in the Declaration of Independence, in the
U.S. Constitution and in the State of Virginia Constitution, had never before in the
history of the World been employed in the establishment of a representative republic. It
was the first time that a colony of a ruling power had set forth in a declaration to the
sovereign that the sovereign had violated the Natural Rights of the colonists.

10. During the period that followed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the
principles of Liberty and Natural Law, as mentioned in the Preface of said Declaration,
were frequently addressed by the American congressmen and that any interpretation of
the term “natural born Citizen” at the time of the Signing of the Constitution in 1787
would be the position taken by Justices Fuller and Harlan in their dissent in the Wong
Kim Ark 169 U.S. 715 case in which they wrote,“Considering the circumstances surrounding the framing of the Constitution, I submit, it is unreasonable that …Natural Born Citizen applied to (just) anybody,”

These Supreme Court Justices clearly meant that the Court must refer to a meaning under Natural Law because it cannot be that just any
child born in the U.S. would become a citizen by birth here because that would not
address the danger the Framers then feared of persons with an allegiance to a foreign power
becoming citizens.

11. (a) On Sept. 4, 1787, during the consideration by the delegates of the Presidential
Eligibility Requirements in Article 2, Paragraph 5, there was a very powerful
OBJECTION expressed that had to have been heard and understood by the Convention.
Specifically, the OBJECTION was: “NO NUMBER OF YEARS (of residence in the
U.S.) COULD POSSIBLY PREPARE A FOREIGNER FOR THAT PLACE [the
presidency].” Based on the widely felt fear of the damage that a foreigner could unleash
on the nation if a foreigner filled the highest position of our government, a change was
requested. To address this fear, the committee submitted a change to the Eligibility
Requirements for the Office of the President in Article 2, Section 1, Paragraph 5,
specifically that the president must be a “natural born Citizen.”

11. (b)(1) We contend that from the 6th Century B.C., known as the “Classical Period,”
Greek and Roman prose literature was the basis for the Educational Model in the colleges
in the American colonies during the 1740s, specifically as it related to the study of
politics and nations. This field encompassed the “Natural Law”(102) philosophy, and Law of
Nations evolved under the influence of the Enlightenment (101).

11. (b)(2) By 1760 the term “Natural Law” had become widely understood by the learned
and that it had permeated to all (201). So suffused (203) was a concern for natural law and its
intellectual origins at the time of the Revolution that, as noted above, the opening line of
the Declaration of Independence makes a direct reference to the Laws of Nature and of
Nature’s God as the initial appeal to mankind for the justness of the American cause.
Natural Law was thus the ultimate antidote to British claims of supremacy (204).

11. (b)(3) By 1770 Emer de Vattel had become world renowned for his wonderful work
Law of Nations and that it was the most influential treatise for the colonists (301).
Specifically, he helped them in many areas including partnering (302) to the exclusion of the
sovereign, defensive unions with weaker states (303), formation of perpetual confederation,
as well as strategy for growth by association (304).

There is absolutely no question but that Vattel was unrivaled in his influence on the
American founders (306), most all of whom were fluent in French and fully understood the
French version of Law of Nations.

11. (b)(4) In view of the widespread publicity and familiarity with Natural Law, it is our
contention and belief that the words “natural born,” which are part of the term “natural
born Citizen,” were selected by the drafting committee because the words “natural born”
indicate to any legally informed person that this is a special type of citizenship which is
recognized in the Natural Law and in Vattel’s Law of Nations.

11. (b)(5) Natural Law recognizes the term jus sanguinis as a special form of citizenship
in which a child’s nationality is determined by the citizenship of both of the child’s
parents. This is a special form of citizenship, which is closely related to the citizenship of
a child under Book I, Chapter XIX, Section 212 of Vattel’s Law of Nations.

11. (b)(6) Since the term “natural born Citizen” was added to the Article 2 Presidential
Eligibility Requirements of the Constitution to address the fear of those with foreign
allegiances ascending to the presidency, everyone familiar with Vattel’s Law of Nations
would know that Section 212 of Vattel’s Book I, Chapter 19 was involved because that
section defines in French “Les naturels ou indigenes” are those persons born in a country
of parents [plural] that are citizens. The complete sentence, “Les naturels ou indigenes,”
sont ceux qui sont nés dans le pays, de parents citoyens in French translates to “The
natural or native, are those born in the country, of parents who are citizens.”

To further establish the relevance of Section 212, the last line of that section specifically
makes it clear that this provision is directed to the special emotional relationship to the
country if a child is born of parents who are citizens rather than foreigners. The last
sentence states, “…if he is born there of a foreigner it will only be his place of birth, and
not his country.” It is not essential to show that there was an English language translation
at of the date of the 1787 Convention that matches the English words, “natural born
Citizen.” The committee carefully chose the English words “natural born Citizen” for the
Constitution as John Jay submitted them so that the sentence would have the identical
meaning as the 1758 Vattel sentence in French and to make it obvious that the term refers
to the Natural Law and to Vattel’s Law of Nations.

11. (c) The fact that the eligibility requirement was passed unanimously is generally
powerful evidence that that the vote was the “original intent” of the delegates, which is
the usual question that needs to be answered positively when evaluating and construing
the enforceability of a constitutional provision.

Conclusion
12. (a) It is clear that the term “natural born Citizen” in Article 2, Section 1, Clause 5 of
the Constitution which states, “No person except a natural born Citizen …shall be eligible
for the Office of the President…” requires a reference to the history of the United States
to understand that term.

12. (b) We believe that in view of the degree of knowledge of the highly educated
statesmen, congressmen and delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, this
sentence in Article 2 clearly makes reference to the Natural Law and to Vattel’s Law of
Nations, in which the term is clearly and unequivocally defined.

12. (c) We are aware of a 1987 article directed to the issue of Eligibility Qualifications of
the President (401). The analysis of this paper is based on the Farrand Records of the
Constitutional Convention of 1911. Much better records are available today as can be
seen in the Madison # 11(a) record and in the Bancroft record in the #11(a) citation. In
fact, the Farrand record they relied on failed to show that there was an objection from the
floor when the Presidential Eligibility issue was raised. This objection obviously led to
the addition of the term “natural born Citizen.” For some reason, in complete disregard
to the ordinary facts of Conventions, this article suggests there was something strange
about the fact that Farrand’s Record showed no debate on this issue.

Everyone knows that there were no official records made of the Convention and that the Farrand records
were inherently defective. Further in a convention in a small facility like Carpenter’s Hall
where issues are discussed privately and where there is no disagreement, that it is very
common that there is little or no debate, normally evidenced by the unanimous approval.
Even more to the point, the analysis failed to consider external facts, such as the
educational background of the delegates, the historical situation of the nation, as well as
the political fears of the founders as noted by John Jay and approved by George
Washington.

This deficiency is best addressed by the words of Mr. Bederman:

“Comparative constitutionalism has something to offer not only for the
making of Constitutions but also their interpretation. If originalism is going to be
consistently and legally espoused as a means of constitutional construction, then
the complete mentalite of the framing generation needs to be observed. If it
matters what the ‘intelligent and informed people’ of the Framing generation
understood the Constitution to mean, it would be folly to exclude from the
analysis of the crucial element of the educational background, historical
sensibilities, and political fears of those people. As I have suggested here,
classicism and ancient history were crucial components of those understandings
and beliefs, and were as significant as the Framer’s economic interests, their
religious values and their confidence in the rule of law and the promise of
liberty (402).”

12. (d) In our opinion, it is absolutely clear that under Vattel’s Law of Nations, Chapter
XIX, Section 212, that Mr. Obama does not comply with the Article 2, Section 1
eligibility requirements of the U.S. Constitution to hold the Office of the President. This
analysis is also based on Mr. Obama’s public admission that his father, a Kenyan, was
still a British citizen in 1961 when Barack II was born. For most of this nation, once they
understand and appreciate the historical place of the doctrine of Natural Law and the Law
of Nations, this conclusion will be accepted, resulting in a sad day, maybe the most
sorrowful day ever for our nation. We are good people, Democrats, Republicans, and
independents. Each of us will need to come to terms with the fact that Mr. Obama has
known for many years that he is not a “natural born Citizen” of the United States. None
of us can hide any longer from this fact and each of us will need to consider the
ramifications to our children of the immorality of his actions.

Citations

#1 URL: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Jus+naturae

#2 URL:http://www.nlnrac.org/earlymodern/law-of-nations

#3 James Madison’s records of the Constitutional Convention Proceedings:
For Sept. 4, 1787: URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0904.html
For Sept. 7, 1787; URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0907.html
George Bancroft, History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States, Vol.
2, D. Appleton&Co.,1882, p.192-3

#4 French Educators in the Northern States during the Eighteenth Century, by Rodrigue,
E.M., The French Review, Vol.14, no.2 (Dec. 1940) p.95-108 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/380865

Bederman, David J., The Classical Foundations of the American Constitution, p. 21-
25; p.109-110; p.162-163
URL: http://huguenot.netnation.com/general/huguenot.htm
URL:  http://huguenot.askdefine.com/ The heritages of John Jay, George Washington
and Thomas Jefferson.

#5 Biography of the Constitutional Delegates, 33 attorneys and 20 non-attorneys
URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/delegates/

#6(a) William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Papers (1892), at Oct. 1892,
William and Mary College Quarterly
URL: http://files.usgwarchives.org/va/schools/wmmary/pres0000.txt  See Pg. 73
URL: http://www.nlnrac.org/american/colonial-roots

#6(b) Bancroft, George, History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United
States, Vol. 2, D. Appleton&Co.,1882, p.436
John Jay, handwritten letter dated July 25, 1787 to George Washington and reverse side.
URL: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/exhibitions/constitution/essay.html
10627 re July 25 letter)
URL: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/exhibitions/constitution/essay.html  (press
12782 re July 25 letter reverse)

#6(c) James Madison’s records of the Constitutional Convention Proceedings:
For Sept. 4, 1787: URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0904.html

For Sept. 7, 1787; URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0907.html

Bancroft, George, History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States,
Vol. 2, D. Appleton&Co.,1882, p.192-3

#7 Delegate Listing including Biographical data—33 attorneys and 20 non-attorneys
URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/delegates For listing colleges of
delegates see URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/delegates/education.html

#8 re book copies URL: http://www.scribd.com/doc/63130788/ Ben Franklin thanks
Charles Dumas for Copies of Vattel’s Law of Nations or Principles of Natural Law
re: Dumas/loaning
Re Library Co in Carpenter’s Hall URL: www.librarycompany.org/abount/Instance.pdf See Page 5.
Re 1789 LCP Catalogue URL: http://www.archive.org/stream/catalogueofbooks01libr/catalogueofbooks01libr_djvu.txt

At this site, you will find the 1789 catalog of the LCP. It is very difficult to navigate the catalog because their cataloging system is a nightmare—it is partially based on the size of
the book and the catalog doesn’t indent any subjects. Under VIII, 228 Law Quarto, no 224, it states Law of Nations or Principles of law of
nature applied to affairs of nations and foreigners, English, Translated from the French
of M.de Vattel, 2 vol.in one, London 1760. and Under VI, General Politics, Quarto 177, no. 303 it states, 1775 version, “Le Droit des
gens par M.de Vattel.” Gift of Mr. Dumas.

# 9(a) No citations

#9(b) Re: connect of Natural Law and Declaration URL: http://www.nlnrac.org/american/declaration-of-independence
Re T. Jefferson Thomas Jefferson, “Writings”, (Merril Patterson . ed.; Library of Am.
Ed., 1984
Re W&M William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Papers (1892), at Oct 1892
William and Mary College Quarterly
URL: http://files.usgwarchives.org/va/schools/wmmary/pres0000.txt See P. 73
Re T. Jefferson and Nat Law:. Bederman, David J., The Classical Foundations of the
American Constitution, p, 46-47

#10 United States v. Wong Kim Ark 169 U.S. 715

#11(a) James Madison’s records of the Constitutional Convention Proceedings:
For Sept. 4, 1787: URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0904.html
For Sept. 7, 1787; URL: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0907.html
Bancroft, George, History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States,
Vol. 2, D. Appleton&Co., 1882, p.192-3

11(b)(1) Bederman, David J, “The Classical Foundations of the American Constitution”
(101) Pg. ix
(102)..Pg. 21; Pg. 26

#11(b)(2)
(201) Bederman Pg. 21
(203) Bederman Pg. 46
(204) Bederman Pg. 46

#11(b)(3)
(301) Bederman Pg. 109
(302) Bederman Pg. 110
(303) Bederman Pg. 110
(304) Bederman Pg. 110
(305) Bederman Pg. 110
(306) Bederman Pg. 273—Footnotes 99—104 Vattel

#11(b)(4) none

#11(b)(5) URL: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/jus+sanguinis

#11(b)(6) none

#11(c) URL: http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v103/n2/703/lr103n2kay.pdf

#11(d) no citations

#12(a) none

#12(b) none

#12(c) (401) Nelson, M, “Constitutional Qualification for President”, Presidential
Studies Quarterly, vol. 17, No.2, (Spring 1987), pp. 383-399
(402) Bederman Pg. 231

#12(d) none